What are the 3 channels of collateral ventilation?

When complete obstruction of an airway occurs, ventilation and gas exchange distal to the obstruction can be preserved if “collateral ventilation” exists. Three collateral pathways have been described: the interalveolar, the bronchioloalveolar and the interbronchiolar communications.

What is collateral ventilation in lungs?

The phenomenon of collateral ventilation in the human lung is defined as “the ventilation of alveolar structures through passages or channels that bypass the normal airways”.

Do lungs have pores?

Interalveolar pores of Kohn, small uniform-sized epithelium-lined openings in alveolar walls of normal lung, have historically been demonstrated with electron-microscopic techniques that remove water. less than 1 per alveolus in frozen hydrated lungs (P less than 0.001).

Where are the canals of Lambert?

The canals of Lambert are microscopic collateral airways between the distal bronchiolar tree and adjacent alveoli. They are poorly formed in children, and along with poorly formed pores of Kohn, are thought to be responsible for the high frequency of round pneumonia in that age group.

Is collateral ventilation good or bad?

Collateral ventilation, defined as ventilation of alveoli via pathways that bypass normal airways, is present in humans and many other species. The presence of collateral ventilation can be beneficial in certain disease states, whereas its relative absence can predispose to other diseases.

Do alveoli have pores?

The pores of Kohn (also known as interalveolar connections or alveolar pores) are discrete holes in walls of adjacent alveoli.

What is interdependence in lungs?

The interplay between components of the respiratory system including the airways, parenchyma, and vasculature is often referred to as “interdependence.” This interdependence transmits the elastic recoil of the lung to create an effective pressure that dilates the airways as transpulmonary pressure and lung volume …

What is the alveolar pores?

The pores of Kohn are apertures in the alveolar septum, which allow the communication of two adjacent alveoli. Their existence has been most disputed, but was lastly supported in man and adult mammalians by observations from electron microscopy.

What are type II pneumocytes?

Type II pneumocytes are identified as the synthesizing cells of the alveolar surfactant, which has important properties in maintaining alveolar and airway stability. Lung surfactant can reduce the surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse and the airway walls collapse.

What are bronchioles?

Bronchioles are air passages inside the lungs that branch off like tree limbs from the bronchi—the two main air passages into which air flows from the trachea (windpipe) after being inhaled through the nose or mouth. The bronchioles deliver air to tiny sacs called alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

What is the purpose of collateral ventilation?

Oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal being critical to cell survival, mammals have developed collateral vascular and ventilation systems to ensure tissue viability. Collateral ventilation, defined as ventilation of alveoli via pathways that bypass normal airways, is present in humans and many other species.

What is alveolar pores?

alveolar pores are normal structures, with edges composed of intact alveolar wall. A number. of planes are demonstrated from w-hich a fully compatible reconstruction is made. It is concluded that pores are round or oval structures frequently having at least one type IL alveolar cell forming part of theirboundary.